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ASCE 9780784404270 2001

ASCE 9780784404270 2001

$36.83

Groundwater and Soil Remediation

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
ASCE 2001 559
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Hyman and Dupont describe conventional treatment technologies to remediate contaminated soil and groundwater and explain how these treatments are designed and what they cost.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
16 Table of Contents
26 Chapter 1 The Basis for Remediation Process Design and Cost Estimating
1.1 The Importance of Cost Analysis
28 1.2 Natural Attenuation
29 1.3 Selecting Among Competing Remediation Methods
1.3.1 Listing the process options
35 1.3.2 Comparing process options
53 1.3.3 Defining and evaluating alternative treatment trains
57 1.4 The Approach to Process Design and Cost Estimating
60 Chapter 2 Process and Conceptual Design of Remediation Systems
61 2.1 Basic Principles
62 2.2 Feasibility Studies and Work Plans
2.2.1 Feasibility Study Alternatives
63 2.2.2 Work Plans, Corrective Action Plans, Remedial Action Plans
2.2.3 Informal Studies, CERCLA Studies And Records Of Decision, RCRA Studies
64 2.2.4 The Observational Approach
65 2.3 Treatability Studies
67 2.4 Process Flow Diagram
2.4.1 Main Parameters and Mass Balance
68 2.4.2 Energy Balance
69 2.4.3 Sizing and Rating of Equipment
2.5 Site Plan and Preliminary Plot Plan
71 2.6 P&ID and Sequence of Operations
2.6.1 P&ID Development
75 2.6.2 Pressure Instrumentation
76 2.6.3 Liquid Level Instrumentation
78 2.6.4 Temperature Instrumentation
80 2.6.5 Flow Instrumentation
82 2.6.6 Analysis Instrumentation
2.6.7 Sequence of Operations Development
2.7 Logic Diagrams
84 2.8 Computerized Controls and Process Monitoring
85 2.8.1 Computer Functions
87 2.8.2 Remote Monitoring
88 2.9 Design Basis, Tradeoff Analysis, and Preliminary Specifications
90 2.9.1 Preliminary Specifications
91 2.9.2 Conceptual Design Report
94 Chapter 3 Metals Removal from Groundwater
95 3.1 Basic Principles
3.1.1 Chemical Precipitation Basics
96 3.1.2 Membrane Separation Basics for Dissolved Ions
3.1.3 Ion Exchange Basics
97 3.1.4 Adsorption Basics
98 3.1.5 Evaporation Basics
3.2 Chemical Precipitation
3.2.1 Alkaline Precipitation
100 3.2.2 Sulfide Precipitation
3.2.3 Precipitation with Iron
3.2.4 Precipitation Examples
104 3.2.5 Alternatives to Conventional Clarification
3.3 Membrane Separation for Dissolved Ions
106 3.4 Ion Exchange
3.4.1 Ion Exchange for Nitrates And Chromate
107 3.4.2 Ion Exchange for Radionuclides
3.5 Adsorption
108 3.6 Forced Evaporation
109 3.7 Main System Design Parameters
3.7.1 Sizing and Rating of Major Equipment
116 3.7.2 Conceptual and Process Design
118 3.7.3 Controls
119 3.7.4 Utilities Requirements
3.8 Treatability Studies for Metal Removal
3.8.1 Treatability Studies for Precipitation and Prediction of Treated Effluent Concentrations
121 3.8.2 Treatability Studies for Reverse Osmosis
122 3.8.3 Treatability Studies for Ion Exchange and Adsorbent Systems
124 3.8.4 Treatability Studies for Evaporation
3.9 Cost Estimating for Metals Removal
131 3.10 Summary of Important Points for Metals Removal
134 Chapter 4 Groundwater Remediation Using Carbon Adsorption
4.1 Basic Principles of Carbon Adsorption
136 4.2 Adsorption Isotherms
138 4.3 Methods of Determining Adsorptive Capacity
4.4 Breakthrough Curves
139 4.5 Sizing of Carbon Beds and Duration of Bed Life
143 4.6 Arrangements and Performance of Organic Adsorption Systems
4.6.1 Prestripping
4.6.2 Prefiltering and Preventing Overpressure
144 4.6.3 Improving Performance with Three-Stage Adsorption
145 4.6.4 Presoaking and Backwashing
4.6.5 Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) monitoring for Breakthrough
147 4.7 Main System Design Parameters
4.7.1 Concept and Process Design
150 4.7.2 Sizing and Rating of Major Equipment
152 4.7.3 Controls
4.7.4 Utilities Requirements
153 4.8 Aqueous Phase Adsorption Treatability Studies
156 4.9 Cost Estimating
159 4.10 Summary of Important Points for Carbon Adsorption
162 Chapter 5 Stripping of Groundwater
5.1 Basic Principles of Stripping
163 5.1.1 Use of Polishing Carbon
165 5.1.2 The Design Problem
169 5.2 Packed Strippers
5.2.1 Packing Depth and A/W (or G/L) Ratio
173 5.2.2 Packed Strippers – Pressure Drop and Cross-Sectional Area
174 5.2.3 Packed Strippers – Computer Applications
175 5.3 Alternatives to Packed Towers
5.3.1 Tray Designs,
176 5.3.2 Aeration Chambers
5.3.3 Cooling Towers Used as Air Strippers
177 5.3.4 In Situ Air Stripping (In-Well Stripping and Air Sparging)
179 5.4 Blower Arrangements and Mist Separation
181 5.5 Turndown and Liquid Distribution
182 5.6 Recycled Strippers
183 5.7 Heated Strippers
185 5.8 Emission Abatement
186 5.8.1 Carbon Adsorption
188 5.8.2 Regenerating Vapor-Phase Activated Carbon
189 5.8.3 Direct Thermal Oxidizers
190 5.8.4 Catalytic Oxidizers
191 5.8.5 Auxiliary Fuel Consumption and Heat Exchange
194 5.9 Main System Design Parameters
5.9.1 Concept and Process Design
200 5.9.2 Sizing and Rating of Major Equipment
202 5.9.3 Controls
203 5.9.4 Utilities Requirements
204 5.10 Treatability Studies for Groundwater Stripping
5.11 Cost Estimating for Groundwater Stripping
5.11.1 Equipment Costs
205 5.11.2 Operating Costs and Total Costs
5.11.3 Emission Abatement Costs
207 5.11.4 Software for Stripping Process Design and Cost Estimating
209 5.12 Summary of Important Points for Groundwater Stripping
214 Chapter 6 Aqueous Chemical Oxidation
6.1 Basic Principles
6.1.1 Ranking of Oxidants and UV Oxidation Power Consumption
6.1.2 Ultraviolet Light
215 6.1.3 Emerging Technology Using Electrochemical Oxidation
216 6.2 Wet Air and Supercritical Water Oxidation
218 6.3 Fenton’s Reagent
6.4 UV Light with Oxidants
220 6.5 Main System Design Parameters
223 6.6 Treatability Studies for Aqueous Oxidation
224 6.7 Costs for Aqueous Oxidation
226 6.8 Summary of Important Points for Aqueous Chemical Oxidation
228 Chapter 7 Bioremediation Systems
7.1 Basic Principles
230 7.1.1 Microbial Metabolism
232 7.1.2 System Environmental Requirements
237 7.1.3 In Situ Versus Ex Situ Treatment
240 7.1.4 Bioaugmentation Versus Bioacclimation
242 7.2 Aqueous Phase Treatment
7.2.1 Ex Situ Treatment
251 7.2.2 In Situ Treatment
286 7.3 Solid Phase Biological Treatment
7.3.1 Ex Situ Treatment
310 7.3.2 In Situ Treatment
335 7.4 Treatability Studies for Bioremediation Systems
336 7.4.1 Treatability Studies Applicable to Aqueous Phase Treatment
337 7.4.2 Treatability Studies Applicable to Solid Phase Systems
340 7.5 Cost-Estimating for Bioremediation Systems
7.5.1 Costs for Aqueous Phase Treatment
345 7.5.2 Costs for Solid Phase Treatment
352 7.6 Summary of Important Points for Bioremediation
358 Chapter 8 Soil Venting
359 8.1 Basic Principles of Soil Venting
362 8.2 Inducing Vacuum
8.2.1 Vacuum Blowers
365 8.2.2 Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs)
366 8.2.3 Passive Soil Venting
8.3 Vapor Treatment and Discharge
368 8.3.1 Adsorption
369 8.3.2 Oxidizers
371 8.4 Main System Design Parameters
8.4.1 Pneumatic testing
372 8.4.2 Radius of Influence of Extraction Wells and Soil Air Permeability
377 8.4.3 Volumetric Air Flow and Contaminant Mass Removal Rate
379 8.4.4 Ventilation wells
8.5 Treatability Studies for Soil Venting
380 8.6 Cost Estimating for Soil Venting
386 8.6.1 Utilities Costs
8.6.2 Carbon Adsorption Costs
387 8.6.3 Software for Soil Venting Process Design and Cost Estimating
388 8.7 Summary of Important Points for Soil Venting
392 Chapter 9 Thermal Treatment for Soils and Sludges
9.1 Basic Principles
9.1.1 Incineration Basics
395 9.1.2 Low-Temperature Thermal Desorption Basics
398 9.1.3 Heat Recovery
9.2 Incinerators
9.2.1 Rotary kilns
400 9.2.2 Fluidized CBCs
403 9.2.3 Infrared Furnace Systems
404 9.3 Thermal Desorbers
405 9.4 Handling of Feed and of Treated Soils
9.5 Air Pollution Control
9.5.1 Use of Afterburners (Thermal Oxidizers)
406 9.5.2 Recovery of Organic Fluids from Indirect-Fired Desorbers
407 9.5.3 Abatement of Particulate Emissions and Acid Gases
413 9.5.4 Emissions of NOx
414 9.5.5 CO Emissions
415 9.6 Main System Design Parameters for Thermal Treatment
416 9.6.1 Characterization of the “Waste” for Thermal Treatment
417 9.6.2 Vapor Pressure Considerations for Thermal Desorbers
420 9.6.3 Examples of Design Calculations
426 9.6.4 Contaminant Destruction Efficiency and Emission Limitations
427 9.6.5 Limitations on Particulate Emissions and Plume Opacity Correlations
431 9.6.6 Baghouse Design Parameters
432 9.6.7 Wet Scrubber Power Requirements
434 9.6.8 Design of Vertical Packed Acid Gas Scrubbers
436 9.6.9 Venturi Scrubber Design Parameters
437 9.7 Treatability Studies and Trial Burns
438 9.7.1 Testing Thermal Desorption from Soils
439 9.7.2 Trial Burns
440 9.8 Cost Estimating for Thermal Soil Treatment
9.8.1 Incineration Costs
442 9.8.2 Desorption Costs
446 9.8.3 Total Project Costs for Ex Situ Soil Remediation
447 9.9 Summary of Important Points for Thermal Desorption
452 Chapter 10 Soil Washing
453 10.1 Basic Principles of Soil Washing
455 10.2 In Situ Soil Flushing
457 10.3 Soil Washing and Solvent Extraction
460 10.3.1 Aqueous Soil Washing for Particle Size Separation
462 10.3.2 Solvent Extraction for Removing Organic Contaminants
465 10.4 Main System Design Parameters for Soil Washing
10.4.1 Conceptual Designs
466 10.4.2 Mass Balances
473 10.4.3 Treatment of Wash Water
478 10.5 Treatability Studies for Soil Washing
481 10.6 Cost Estimating for Soil Washing
483 10.7 Summary of Important Points for Soil Washing
486 Chapter 11 Stabilization and Solidification
11.1 Basic Principles for Stabilization and Solidification
487 11.2 In Situ Applications and Area Mixing
488 11.3 Microencapsulation
11.3.1 Cement/Pozzolanic (Silicaceous) Solidifiers
490 11.3.2 Thermoplastic Agents
491 11.4 Silicate Sorbents
11.5 Main System Design Parameters
492 11.6 Treatability Studies for Stabilization and Solidification
495 11.7 Cost Estimating for Stabilization and Solidification
500 11.8 Summary of Important Points for Stabilization and Solidification
502 Chapter 12 Cost Estimating and Life Cycle Analysis
12.1 Basic Principles
503 12.2 Investment Costs
12.2.1 Preliminary Estimates for Investment Cost
508 12.2.2 Definitive Estimating of Investment Cost
510 12.3 Estimating Annual Expenses
12.3.1 Utilities Consumption
513 12.3.2 Operating Labor and Overhead
514 12.3.3 Maintenance Expense
12.3.4 Chemicals, Adsorbents, and Supplies
515 12.3.5 Property Taxes and Insurance
12.3.6 Monitoring and Reporting
516 12.3.7 Other Direct Costs
517 12.4 Computer Applications to Cost Estimating
518 12.5 Life Cycle Analysis
519 12.5.1 Investment, Expense, Closure and Post-Closure Costs
520 12.5.2 Present value Factors
522 12.6 Summary of Important Points for Cost Estimating
525 Appendix 12-A Investment Costs and Yearly Expense Example
530 References
550 Index
A
B
551 C
552 D
E
F
553 G
H
I
J
K
554 L
M
N
555 O
P
556 Q
R
557 S
558 T
U
559 V
W
Z

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ASCE 9780784404270 2001
$36.83