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BS EN 13941-1:2019+A1:2021:2022 Edition

BS EN 13941-1:2019+A1:2021:2022 Edition

$215.11

District heating pipes. Design and installation of thermal insulated bonded single and twin pipe systems for directly buried hot water networks – Design

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
BSI 2022 164
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PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
2 undefined
13 1 Scope
2 Normative references
14 3 Terms and definitions, units and symbols
3.1 Terms and definitions
15 3.1.1 Symbols
21 3.1.2 Abbreviations
4 General requirements
4.1 Functional requirements
4.2 Service life
22 4.3 Preliminary investigations
23 4.4 Determination of project class
4.4.1 Risk assessment
4.4.2 Project classes
25 4.5 Design documentation
4.5.1 General
26 4.5.2 Operational data
4.5.3 Data related to the pipe system
28 4.6 Route selection and positioning of the pipes
4.6.1 Minimum distances between parallel pipes
29 4.6.2 Parallel excavations and works of third parties
4.6.3 Minimum distance between district heating pipes and underground structures
4.7 Venting and draining
4.8 Valves
30 4.9 Procurement of materials
4.9.1 Manufacturer of pipeline components
4.10 Quality control
4.10.1 General
4.10.2 Design phase
4.10.3 Installation phase
4.10.3.1 General
31 4.10.3.2 Companies performing assembly of casing joints and PE welding on casings
5 Requirements for components and materials
5.1 Basic requirements
5.2 Steel service pipe components
5.2.1 General
32 5.2.2 Specification
5.2.3 Characteristic values for steel
5.2.3.1 Steels with specified elevated temperature properties
33 5.2.3.2 Steels without specified elevated temperature properties
5.2.3.3 Elasticity modulus (E) and linear thermal expansion coefficient (α) at elevated temperatures
5.2.4 Specific requirements for bends and T-pieces
5.2.4.1 General
5.2.4.2 Bends
5.2.4.3 T-pieces
34 5.2.5 Specific requirements for small angular deviations
35 5.2.6 Specific requirements for reducers
5.3 Polyurethane foam thermal insulation
5.4 Casing
5.5 Materials for casing and thermal insulation of field joints
5.6 Expansion cushions
5.6.1 General
36 5.6.2 Materials
5.6.3 Stiffness properties
37 5.6.4 Selecting required thickness of expansion cushions
5.6.5 Marking
5.7 Valves and accessories
5.7.1 General requirements
38 5.7.2 Marking and documentation
6 Design and calculation
6.1 General procedure
39 6.2 Pipeline components, areas, conditions and interfaces to be included in the analyses
6.2.1 Components
40 6.2.2 Areas requiring specific analyses
6.2.3 Special conditions
6.2.4 Interfaces
41 6.3 Simplified analysis procedure
6.4 Actions
6.4.1 General
6.4.2 Classification of actions and load combinations
43 6.4.3 Temperature variations
44 6.4.4 Top load from soil
6.4.5 Traffic loads
6.4.5.1 General
6.4.5.2 Effect of road constructions in reducing traffic loads
46 6.5 Global analysis and pipe-soil interaction
6.5.1 General
6.5.2 Modelling pipe-soil interaction
6.5.2.1 General
47 6.5.2.2 Flexibility of pipe components
48 6.5.3 Pipe to soil friction (axial)
6.5.3.1 General
49 6.5.3.2 Friction coefficient
50 6.5.3.3 Axial friction at horizontal directional drillings (HDD) in the operational phase
6.5.3.4 Axial friction at horizontal directional drillings (HDD) in the installation phase
6.5.4 Horizontal soil reaction (lateral)
6.5.4.1 General
54 6.5.4.2 Influence of large depths or stiff street cover
55 6.5.5 Combined lateral stiffness of steel service pipe, PUR, expansion cushions and soil
58 6.5.6 Soil properties
6.5.7 Thermal expansion of buried pipe sections:
60 6.5.8 Pipe systems with single use compensators (SUC’s)
62 6.5.9 Specific requirements for vertical and horizontal stability
6.5.9.1 General
63 6.5.9.2 Vertical stability
65 6.5.9.3 Horizontal stablity
6.5.10 Parallel excavations
6.5.10.1 General
6.5.10.2 Reduced friction
66 6.5.11 Requirements for soft soils and settlement areas
6.5.11.1 General
6.5.11.2 Differential settlements
6.5.12 Specific design requirements for above-ground pipelines with factory made pipe and fitting assemblies
6.5.13 Insertion into protection pipe
67 6.6 Determination of stresses and strains
6.6.1 General
6.6.2 Cross section analyses, steel
68 6.6.3 Assessment on the basis of a resultant (equivalent) stress
69 6.6.4 Stresses and ovalization from top load
6.6.4.1 Circumferential stresses due to vertical load
70 6.6.4.2 Directly transmitted vertical load
71 6.6.4.3 Horizontal soil pressure, resulting from global analyses
6.6.4.4 Horizontal support pressure from trench backfill compaction
6.6.5 Deflection
72 6.6.6 Bends
73 6.6.7 T-pieces
75 6.6.8 Single Use Compensators (SUC’s)
78 6.6.9 PUR and casing
6.7 Fatigue analyses
6.7.1 General
6.7.2 Action cycles
81 6.8 Further actions
7 Limit states
7.1 General
82 7.2 Limit states for service pipes of steel
7.2.1 General
7.2.2 Limit state A: Failure caused by plastic deformation
7.2.2.1 General
83 7.2.2.2 Limit state A1: Ultimate limit state for force controlled actions (load bearing capacity)
84 7.2.2.3 Limit state A2: Ultimate limit state reached by stepwise plastic deformation caused by cyclical actions
85 7.2.3 Limit state B: Failure caused by fatigue
7.2.3.1 General
86 7.2.3.2 Limit state B1:SN curves for low cycle fatigue (repeated yielding)
88 7.2.3.3 Fatigue strength data, detailed design
7.2.4 Limit state C: Failure caused by instability of the system or part of it
7.2.4.1 General
7.2.4.2 Limit state C1: Local buckling (folding)
90 7.2.4.3 Limit state C2: Global instability (flexural buckling and loss of equilibrium of the pipeline system)
7.2.5 Limit state D: Serviceability limit state
7.2.5.1 General
7.2.5.2 Ovalisation
7.2.6 Survey of limit states for steel
93 7.3 Limit states for PUR and PE
7.3.1 Compressive stress
7.3.2 Limit state for !axial” shear stress
7.3.3 Limit state for PE
7.4 Limit states for valves
95 Annex A (normative)Design of piping components under internal pressure
A.1 General
A.2 Straight pipe and bends
A.2.1 Straight pipes
A.2.2 Bends
96 A.3 T-pieces and branch connections
A.3.1 General aspects and limitations
A.3.2 Reinforcement
A.3.2.1 General
A.3.2.2 Dissimilar material of shell and reinforcement
97 A.3.2.3 Thickness ratio
A.3.2.4 Calculation method for reinforcement area
A.3.2.5 Reinforcement by increased wall thickness
98 A.3.2.6 Reinforcement by compensating plates
99 A.4 Reducers and extensions
A.5 Dished ends
A.5.1 General
100 A.5.2 Ellipsoidal Dished Head Minimum required wall thickness for internal pressure
A.5.3 Straight cylindrical shells
101 Annex B (informative)Soil properties and geotechnical parameters for pipe/soil interaction analyses
B.1 General requirements
B.2 Geotechnical parameters for global analysis (pipe-soil interaction)
102 B.3 Geotechnical Study
B.3.1 Field study
B.3.2 Typical values, referred to mean value
B.3.3 Investigation of interface friction
B.4 Characteristic values for soil properties
B.4.1 Typical values, referred to mean value
103 B.4.2 Spatial variation of soil properties
104 B.5 Model uncertainty when determining geotechnical parameters
106 Annex C (informative)Flexibility and stress concentration of pipe components
C.1 General
C.2 Flexibility factors for pipe components
C.2.1 Bends
C.2.2 T-pieces
107 C.2.3 Other components
C.3 Stress concentration in pipe elements
C.3.1 Butt welds
C.3.2 Bends
C.3.2.1 Stress concentration factors for bends: Simplified method
108 C.3.2.2 Stress concentration factors for bends: exact calculation
110 C.3.3 T-pieces
C.3.3.1 General
111 C.3.4 Small angular deviations
112 C.3.5 Reducers
114 Annex D (informative)Calculation of heat losses
D.1 General
D.2 Heat losses of thermal insulated pipes
D.2.1 Pair of single pipes — calculation of specific heat loss
115 D.2.2 symmetrical and (a) antisymmetrical heat loss factors according to zero-order multipole formulae:
116 D.2.3 Using Zero-order approximation for (s) symmetrical and (a) antisymmetrical problem the heat resistance can be calculated:
D.2.4 specific heat loss of pipes
117 D.2.5 Twin Pipes — calculation of specific heat loss
D.2.6 temperatures of pipes
118 D.2.7 (s) symmetrical and (a) antisymmetrical heat loss factors according to first-order multipole formula:
119 D.2.8 specific heat loss of pipes
120 Annex E (informative)Specific requirements for twin pipe systems
E.1 General
E.2 Component and materials
E.2.1 Twin Pipe assembly
121 E.2.2 Fixing bars
122 E.3 Max. allowable stresses for specific twin pipe system elements:
E.3.1 Project classes
E.3.2 Soil friction, twin pipe friction length and pipe expansion
124 E.3.3 Axial stress in the flow and return steel service pipes
126 E.3.4 Dimensions of the fixing bars
E.3.4.1 General
127 E.3.4.2 loads on the fixing bars type A
128 E.3.4.3 loads on the fixing bar type B
130 E.3.5 Stress proof of the fixing bar
131 E.3.6 Proof of the welds
134 E.3.7 Vertical and horizontal stability of the twin pipe assembly in the soil
E.3.8 Stress concentration factors for bends, T-pieces
E.3.9 Fatigue
E.4 Installation requirements
E.4.1 Installation methods:
E.4.2 Straight pipe section terminations:
E.4.3 Use of insulated twin pipe valves:
E.4.4 Use of transition assembly (twin pipe — single pipe):
E.4.5 requirements for welding and testing of steel service pipe joints:
135 Annex F (normative)Compressive testing of expansion cushions
137 Annex G (informative)Principles for determination of bending moments and axial forces for testing of district heating valves
G.1 Introduction
G.2 General considerations for determination of test values for bending moments
138 G.3 Determination of bending moments from soil settlements
G.4 Calculation results and evaluation
141 G.5 Resistance to axial forces
142 Annex H (informative)Scope of EN 13941 in relation to Pressure Equipment Directive (PED), 2014/68/EU, May 15th, 2014
H.1 General
143 H.2 Guidelines
146 Annex I (informative)Quality control program and documentation
149 Annex J (informative)Casing: Formulas for Miner Rule
151 Annex K (informative)Strength calculation of horizontal directional drillings
K.1 Introduction
152 K.2 Determination of pulling forces
K.2.1 Pulling force, resulting from the roller system
K.2.2 Pulling force, resulting from a straight section of borehole
154 K.2.3 Pulling force, resulting from curved sections of the borehole
K.2.3.1 General friction force
K.2.3.2 Friction resulting from elastic soil reaction in curved borehole sections
155 K.2.3.3 Friction due to the axial pulling force in curved borehole sections
156 K.2.3.4 Total force in a curved section
K.2.4 Total pulling force
157 K.3 Determination of the longitudinal bending moment
K.4 Determination of the circumferential bending moment from top load
K.5 Determination of stress
K.6 Assessment of possible collapse of the pipeline due to external drilling fluid pressure or external ground water pressure (risk of buckling)
K.7 Assessment of maximum soil pressure on PUR and casing
158 K.8 Determination of maximum allowable pressure in the bore hole
K.9 Vertical soil load after completion of horizontal directional drilling (HDD)
K.9.1 Introduction
K.9.2 Arching
K.9.3 Calculation method for vertical soil load (homogeneous soil mass)
159 K.9.4 Calculation method for horizontal support pressure (with reduced vertical load)

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BS EN 13941-1:2019+A1:2021
$215.11