This document specifies techniques of digital radiography with the object of enabling satisfactory and repeatable results. The techniques are based on generally recognized practice and fundamental theory of the subject. This document applies to the digital radiographic testing of fusion welded joints in metallic materials. It applies to the joints of plates and pipes. Besides its conventional meaning, \u201cpipe\u201d, as used in this document, covers other cylindrical bodies such as tubes, penstocks, boiler drums and pressure vessels. This document specifies the requirements for digital radiographic X- and gamma-ray testing by either computed radiography (CR) or radiography with digital detector arrays (DDAs) of the welded joints of metallic plates and tubes for the detection of imperfections. It includes manual and automated inspection with DDAs. Digital detectors provide a digital grey value image which can be viewed and evaluated using a computer (Annex E). This document specifies the recommended procedure for detector selection and radiographic practice. Selection of computer, software, monitor, printer and viewing conditions are important, but are not the main focus of this document. The procedure specified in this document provides the minimum requirements for radiographic practice which permits exposure and acquisition of digital radiographs with equivalent sensitivity for the detection of imperfections as film radiography (specified in ISO 17636-1). This document does not specify acceptance levels for any of the indications found on the digital radiographs. ISO 10675 provides information on acceptance levels for weld inspection. If contracting parties apply lower test criteria, it is possible that the quality achieved will be significantly lower than when this document is strictly applied.<\/p>\n
| PDF Pages<\/th>\n | PDF Title<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2<\/td>\n | undefined <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 4<\/td>\n | European foreword Endorsement notice <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 7<\/td>\n | Foreword <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 9<\/td>\n | 1 \u200bScope 2 \u200bNormative references <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 10<\/td>\n | 3 \u200bTerms and definitions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 14<\/td>\n | 4 \u200bSymbols and abbreviated terms <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 16<\/td>\n | 5 \u200bClassification of radiographic techniques and compensation principles 5.1 \u200bClassification 5.2 \u200bCompensation principles, CP I, CP II or CP III 5.2.1 \u200bGeneral 5.2.2 \u200bCompensation principle I (CP I) 5.2.3 \u200bCompensation principle II (CP II) 5.2.4 \u200bCompensation principle III (CP III) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 17<\/td>\n | 5.2.5 \u200bTheoretical background 6 \u200bGeneral preparations and requirements 6.1 \u200bProtection against ionizing radiation 6.2 \u200bSurface preparation and stage of manufacture 6.3 \u200bLocation of the weld in the radiograph 6.4 \u200bIdentification of radiographs 6.5 \u200bMarking <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 18<\/td>\n | 6.6 \u200bOverlap of digital images 6.7 \u200bTypes and positions of image quality indicators (IQIs) 6.7.1 \u200bGeneral 6.7.2 \u200bDuplex wire IQIs 6.7.3 \u200bSingle wire or step-hole IQIs <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 19<\/td>\n | 6.8 \u200bEvaluation of image quality <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 20<\/td>\n | 6.9 \u200bMinimum image quality values 6.10 \u200bPersonnel qualification <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 21<\/td>\n | 7 \u200bRecommended techniques 7.1 \u200bTest arrangements 7.1.1 \u200bGeneral <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 22<\/td>\n | 7.1.2 \u200bSingle-wall penetration of plane objects (see Figure 1) 7.1.3 \u200bSingle-wall penetration of curved objects with the source outside the object (see Figures 2 to 4) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 23<\/td>\n | 7.1.4 \u200bSingle-wall penetration of curved objects with the source inside the object for panoramic exposure (see Figures 5 to 7) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 24<\/td>\n | 7.1.5 \u200bSingle-wall penetration of curved objects with the source located off-centre and inside the object (see Figures 8 to 10) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 25<\/td>\n | 7.1.6 \u200bDouble-wall penetration and double-image evaluation (DWDI) of pipes with the elliptic technique and the source and the detector outside the object (see Figure 11) 7.1.7 \u200bDouble-wall penetration and double-image evaluation (DWDI) with the perpendicular technique and source and detector outside the object (see Figure 12) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 26<\/td>\n | 7.1.8 \u200bDouble-wall penetration and single-image evaluation (DWSI) of curved objects for evaluation of the wall next to the detector (see Figures 13 to 16) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 27<\/td>\n | 7.1.9 \u200bPenetration of objects with different material thicknesses (see Figure 17 to 19) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 28<\/td>\n | 7.2 \u200bChoice of tube voltage and radiation source 7.2.1 \u200bX-ray devices up to 1 000 kV <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 29<\/td>\n | 7.2.2 \u200bOther radiation sources <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 30<\/td>\n | 7.3 \u200bDetector systems and metal screens 7.3.1 \u200bMinimum normalized signal-to-noise ratio (SNRN) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 33<\/td>\n | 7.3.2 \u200bCompensation principle II 7.3.3 \u200bMetal screens for IPs and shielding 7.4 \u200bAlignment of beam <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 34<\/td>\n | 7.5 \u200bReduction of scattered radiation 7.5.1 \u200bMetal filters and collimators 7.5.2 \u200bInterception of backscattered radiation 7.6 \u200bSource-to-object distance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 41<\/td>\n | 7.7 \u200bGeometric magnification technique <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 42<\/td>\n | 7.8 \u200bMaximum area for a single exposure 7.9 \u200bProcessing 7.9.1 \u200bScan and read-out of images <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 43<\/td>\n | 7.9.2 \u200bCorrection of acquired DDA images 7.9.3 \u200bBad pixel interpolation 7.9.4 \u200bImage processing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 44<\/td>\n | 7.10 \u200bMonitor viewing conditions and storage of digital radiographs 8 \u200bTest report <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 46<\/td>\n | Annex A (normative) Number of exposures for acceptable testing of a circumferential butt weld <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 51<\/td>\n | Annex B (normative) Minimum image quality values <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 59<\/td>\n | Annex C (normative) Determination of basic spatial resolution <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 61<\/td>\n | Annex D (informative) Determination of minimum grey values for CR practice <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 66<\/td>\n | Annex E (informative) Grey values \u2014 General remarks <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 68<\/td>\n | Annex F (informative) Considering the detector unsharpness for fmin <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 71<\/td>\n | Annex G (informative) Calculation of recommended X-ray tube voltages from Figure 20 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 72<\/td>\n | Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Non-destructive testing of welds. Radiographic testing – X- and gamma-ray techniques with digital detectors<\/b><\/p>\n |