{"id":443651,"date":"2024-10-20T08:33:59","date_gmt":"2024-10-20T08:33:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/uncategorized\/asme-ptc-19-5-2022\/"},"modified":"2024-10-26T16:00:24","modified_gmt":"2024-10-26T16:00:24","slug":"asme-ptc-19-5-2022","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/publishers\/asme\/asme-ptc-19-5-2022\/","title":{"rendered":"ASME PTC 19.5 2022"},"content":{"rendered":"

This Supplement describes the techniques and methods of flow measurements required or recommended by ASME PTCs. A variety of commonly used flow measurement devices are included to provide details for the different applications referenced by various PTCs. This is a supplementary document that does not supersede the mandatory requirements of any PTC, unless such an agreement has been expressed in writing prior to testing or a PTC requires that specified sections or paragraphs within this Supplement be used.<\/p>\n

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PDF Pages<\/th>\nPDF Title<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
4<\/td>\nCONTENTS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12<\/td>\nNOTICE <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13<\/td>\nForeword <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15<\/td>\nASME PTC COMMITTEE ROSTER <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16<\/td>\nCORRESPONDENCE WITH THE PTC COMMITTEE <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18<\/td>\nSection 1 Object, Scope, and Uncertainty
1-1 OBJECT
1-2 SCOPE
1-3 UNCERTAINTY
1-4 REFERENCES TO ASME STANDARDS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20<\/td>\nSection 2 Definitions, Values, and Descriptions of Terms
2-1 GENERAL
2-2 PRIMARY DEFINITIONS AND SYSTEMS OF UNITS
2-3 SYMBOLS AND DIMENSIONS
2-3.1 Common Conversion Factors
2-4 THERMAL EXPANSION
2-4.1 Linear Thermal Expansion <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
21<\/td>\nTables
Table 2-3-1 Symbols Typically Used in Flow Measurement <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
22<\/td>\n2-4.2 Tables of Linear Thermal Expansion for Selected Materials
2-5 REFERENCES <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
23<\/td>\nSection 3 Differential Pressure Class Meters
3-1 NOMENCLATURE
3-2 GENERAL EQUATION FOR MASS FLOW THROUGH A DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE CLASS METER
3-3 BASIC PHYSICAL CONCEPTS USED IN THE DERIVATION OF THE GENERAL EQUATION FOR MASS FLOW <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
24<\/td>\nTable 3-1-1 Symbols Specifically Applied in Sections 3 through 6 (in Addition to Symbols in Table 2-3-1) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
25<\/td>\n3-4 THEORETICAL FLOW \u2014 LIQUID AS THE FLOWING FLUID
Table 3-2-1 Values of Constants in the General Equation for Various Units <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
26<\/td>\nFigures
Figure 3-4-1 Water Leg Correction for Flow Measurement <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
27<\/td>\n3-5 THEORETICAL FLOW \u2014 GAS OR VAPOR AS THE FLOWING FLUID
Table 3-4-1 Units and Conversion Factor for Water Leg Correction for Flow Measurement <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
28<\/td>\n3-6 FACTORS NOT ACCOUNTED FOR IN THEORETICAL MASS FLOW BY IDEALIZED FLOW ASSUMPTIONS
3-7 DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT, C, IN THE INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUID EQUATION <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
29<\/td>\n3-8 DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT, C, AND THE EXPANSION FACTOR, \u03b5, FOR GASES
3-9 CALCULATION OF EXPANSION FACTOR, \u03b5
3-10 DETERMINING DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT FOR DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE CLASS METERS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
30<\/td>\n3-11 THERMAL EXPANSION\/CONTRACTION OF INLET SECTION AND PRIMARY ELEMENT
3-12 SELECTION AND RECOMMENDED USE OF DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE CLASS METERS
3-12.1 Beta, Pipe Size, and Reynolds Number
3-12.2 Uncertainty <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
31<\/td>\nTable 3-12.2-1 Uncertainty of Discharge Coefficient, C, (Uncalibrated) and Expansion Factor, \u03b5 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
32<\/td>\n3-12.3 Unrecoverable Pressure Loss
3-12.4 Specified Installations
3-13 RESTRICTIONS OF USE
3-14 PROCEDURE FOR SIZING A DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE CLASS METER <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
33<\/td>\nFigure 3-12.3-1 Unrecoverable Pressure Loss Versus Beta Ratio <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
34<\/td>\n3-15 FLOW CALCULATION PROCEDURE
3-16 SAMPLE CALCULATION
Table 3-16-1 Natural Gas Analysis <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
38<\/td>\n3-17 REFERENCES <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
40<\/td>\nSection 4 Orifice Meters
4-1 NOMENCLATURE
4-2 INTRODUCTION
4-3 TYPES OF THIN-PLATE, SQUARE-EDGED ORIFICES
4-4 CODE COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS
4-5 MULTIPLE SETS OF DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE TAPS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
41<\/td>\n4-6 MACHINING TOLERANCES, DIMENSIONS, AND MARKINGS FOR ORIFICE PLATE
4-6.1 Deflection and the Required Thickness, E, of Orifice Plate
Figure 4-6-1 Standard Orifice Plate <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
42<\/td>\n4-6.2 Upstream Face, A
Figure 4-6.1-1 Deflection of an Orifice Plate by Differential Pressure
Table 4-6.1-1 Recommended Plate Thickness, E, for Stainless Steel Orifice Plate <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
43<\/td>\n4-6.3 Downstream Face, B
4-6.4 Thickness, e, of the Orifice
4-6.5 Plate Thickness, E, and Bevel
4-6.6 Edges G, H, and I
4-6.7 Orifice Diameter, d
4-6.8 Eccentricity and Alignment of Orifice in Metering Section
4-6.9 Orifice Drain Hole <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
44<\/td>\n4-7 MACHINING TOLERANCES AND DIMENSIONS FOR DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE TAPS
4-7.1 Flange Taps \u2014 Shape, Diameter, and Angular Position
4-7.2 Flange Taps Orifice Metering Runs \u2014 Spacing of Taps
4-7.3 Corner Tap Orifice Metering Runs <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
45<\/td>\nFigure 4-7-1 Location of Pressure Taps for Orifices With Flange Taps <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
46<\/td>\nFigure 4-7-2 Location of Pressure Taps for Orifices With Corner Taps <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
47<\/td>\n4-8 LOCATION OF TEMPERATURE AND STATIC PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS
4-9 EMPIRICAL FORMULATIONS FOR DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT, C <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
48<\/td>\n4-10 LIMITATIONS AND UNCERTAINTY OF EQ. (4-9-1) FOR DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT, C
4-10.1 Limits of Use
4-10.2 Uncertainties of the Discharge Coefficient of Uncalibrated Orifice Sections <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
49<\/td>\n4-11 UNCERTAINTY OF EXPANSION FACTOR, \u03b5
Figure 4-10.1-1 Minimum Reynolds Number for Flange Taps <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
50<\/td>\n4-12 UNRECOVERABLE PRESSURE LOSS
4-13 CALCULATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE CLASS FLOW MEASUREMENT SYSTEMATIC UNCERTAINTY
4-13.1 Derivation
4-13.2 Uncertainty Calculation \u2014 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
51<\/td>\nTable 4-13.1-1 Sensitivity Coefficients in the General Equation for Differential Pressure Meters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
52<\/td>\nTable 4-13.2.1-1 Example 1 \u2014 Systematic Uncertainty Analysis for Given Steam Flow Orifice Metering Run
Table 4-13.2.2-1 Example 2 \u2014 Systematic Uncertainty Analysis for Given Steam Flow Orifice Metering Run <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
53<\/td>\n4-13.3 Random Uncertainty Due to Data Fluctuations
4-13.4 Instrumentation Uncertainties for the Determination of Flow Measurement Systematic Uncertainties
Table 4-13.2.3-1 Example 3 \u2014 Systematic Uncertainty Analysis for Given Gas Flow and Meter Tube <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
54<\/td>\n4-13.5 Uncertainty of Typical Gas Fuel Flow Measurement for a Laboratory-Calibrated Orifice Metering Section
4-14 PROCEDURE FOR FITTING A CALIBRATION CURVE AND EXTRAPOLATION TECHNIQUE <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
55<\/td>\nTable 4-13.4.1-1 Systematic Uncertainty, 0.075% Accuracy Class Differential Pressure Transmitter
Table 4-13.4.2-1 Systematic Uncertainty, 0.075% Accuracy Class Static Pressure Transmitter
Table 4-13.5-1 Systematic Uncertainty Analysis for Given Gas flowmetering Run With Laboratory Calibration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
56<\/td>\n4-15 REFERENCES <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
57<\/td>\nSection 5 Nozzles and Venturis
5-1 NOMENCLATURE
5-2 INTRODUCTION
5-3 REQUIRED PROPORTIONS OF ASME NOZZLES
5-3.1 Entrance Section
5-3.2 Throat Section <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
58<\/td>\n5-3.3 Exit End Section
5-3.4 General Requirements for ASME Flow Nozzles
Figure 5-3-1 High \u03b2 Nozzle <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
59<\/td>\nFigure 5-3-2 Low \u03b2 Nozzle
Figure 5-3-3 Throat Tap Nozzle for \u03b2 > 0.44 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
60<\/td>\nFigure 5-3-4 Throat Tap Nozzle for \u03b2 \u2264 0.44
Figure 5-3-5 Throat Tap Nozzle End Detail <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
61<\/td>\nFigure 5-3-6 Example Throat Tap Nozzle Flow Section <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
62<\/td>\nFigure 5-3.4-1 ASME Nozzle Required Surface Finish to Produce a Hydraulically Smooth Surface <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
63<\/td>\n5-4 NOZZLE PRESSURE TAP REQUIREMENTS
5-4.1 Wall Tap Nozzles
Figure 5-3.4-2 Boring in Flow Section Upstream of Nozzle <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
64<\/td>\n5-4.2 Throat Tap Nozzles
5-5 NOZZLE INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
5-5.1 Flanged Installation
5-5.2 Installation Without Flanges
5-5.3 Centering
5-5.4 Straight Lengths
5-5.5 Flow Conditioners
5-5.6 Diffusers
5-5.7 Assembly <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
65<\/td>\n5-6 DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT FOR ASME NOZZLES
5-6.1 High \u03b2 and Low \u03b2 Nozzles
Figure 5-5.6-1 Nozzle With Diffusing Cone <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
66<\/td>\n5-6.2 Throat Tap Nozzles
5-7 THE ASME VENTURI TUBE
Figure 5-6.2.1-1 Reference Curve for Throat Tap Nozzles <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
67<\/td>\nFigure 5-7-1 Profile of the ASME Venturi <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
68<\/td>\n5-8 VENTURI DESIGN AND DESIGN VARIATIONS
5-8.1 Entrance Section
5-8.2 Convergent Section
5-8.3 Throat
5-8.4 Divergent Section <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
69<\/td>\n5-8.5 Roughness
5-8.6 Materials
5-8.7 Manufacture
5-8.8 Characteristics of a Machined Convergent Section
5-8.9 Characteristics of a Fabricated Convergent Section
5-9 VENTURI PRESSURE TAPS
5-9.1 Number of Taps
5-9.2 Tap Location
5-9.3 Tap Hole Edge
5-9.4 Tap Length <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
70<\/td>\n5-9.5 Tap Size
5-9.6 Pressure Taps With Annular Chambers.
5-10 DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT OF THE ASME VENTURI
5-10.1 Equation for the Discharge Coefficient
5-10.2 Uncertainty of Discharge Coefficient for Uncalibrated Flow Sections
5-11 INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS FOR THE ASME VENTURI
5-11.1 Installation Requirements
5-12 LABORATORY CALIBRATIONS
5-13 UNCERTAINTY OF EXPANSION FACTOR, \u03b5 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
71<\/td>\n5-14 UNRECOVERABLE PRESSURE LOSS
5-14.1 ASME Nozzles Without a Diffusing Section
5-14.2 ASME Nozzles With a Diffusing Section
5-14.3 ASME Venturis
5-15 REFERENCES <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
72<\/td>\nSection 6 Differential Pressure Class Meter Installation and Flow Conditioning Requirements
6-1 NOMENCLATURE
6-2 INTRODUCTION
6-2.1 Recommended Practice
6-3 METERING SECTION REQUIREMENTS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
73<\/td>\n6-3.1 Fabrication of the Metering Section Pipe
6-4 METER INSTALLATION IN THE METERING SECTION
6-4.1 Alignment
6-4.2 Centering <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
74<\/td>\n6-5 ADDITIONAL PIPE LENGTH REQUIREMENTS
6-5.1 Pipe Length
6-5.2 Cases Not Covered
6-5.3 Pipe Diameter Requirements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
75<\/td>\nTable 6-5.1-1 Straight Lengths for Orifice Meters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
76<\/td>\nTable 6-5.1-2 Straight Lengths for Nozzles <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
77<\/td>\nTable 6-5.1-3 Straight Lengths for Classical Venturi <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
78<\/td>\nFigure 6-5.3.1-1 Allowable Diameter Steps for 0.2% Additional Uncertainty <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
79<\/td>\n6-6 FLOW CONDITIONERS AND INSTALLATION
6-6.1 Flow Conditioner Design
6-6.2 Flow Conditioner Loss
6-7 INSTALLATION OF TEMPERATURE SENSORS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
80<\/td>\nFigure 6-6.1-1 Flow Conditioner Designs <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
81<\/td>\n6-8 REFERENCES
Table 6-6.1.1-1 Hole Coordinates for Perforated Plate
Table 6-6.2-1 Loss Coefficients for Flow Conditioners <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
82<\/td>\nSection 7 Sonic Flow Nozzles and Venturis \u2014 Critical Flow, Choked Flow Conditions
7-1 NOMENCLATURE
7-2 INTRODUCTION
7-2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Sonic Flowmeters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
83<\/td>\nTable 7-1-1 Symbols Specifically Applied in Section 7 (in Addition to Symbols in Table 2-3-1) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
84<\/td>\nFigure 7-2-1 Ideal Mach Number Distribution Along Venturi Length at Typical Subcritical and Sonic Flow Conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
85<\/td>\n7-2.2 Historical Development of Concepts <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
86<\/td>\n7-2.3 General Considerations
Figure 7-2.2-1 Definition of Sonic Flow as the Maximum of the Flow [See Eq. (7-2-1)] <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
87<\/td>\n7-3 DEFINITIONS AND DESCRIPTION OF TERMS
7-3.1 Definitions
7-3.2 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
88<\/td>\nFigure 7-3.2-1 Schematic Representation of Flow Defects at Venturi Throat <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
89<\/td>\n7-4 GUIDING PRINCIPLES
7-5 INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS OF MEASUREMENT
7-5.1 General
Figure 7-3.2-2 Schematic Diagram of Sonic Surfaces at the Throat of an Axially Symmetric Sonic Flow Venturi Nozzle <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
90<\/td>\nFigure 7-4-1 Requirements for Maintaining Sonic Flow in Venturi Nozzles
Figure 7-4-2 Mass Flow Versus Back-Pressure Ratio for a Flow Nozzle Without a Diffuser and a Venturi Nozzle With a Diffuser <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
91<\/td>\n7-5.2 Design Criteria
7-5.3 Standardized Flow Nozzle and Venturi Designs <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
92<\/td>\nFigure 7-5.3.1-1 Standardized Toroidal Throat Sonic Flow Venturi Nozzle <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
93<\/td>\n7-6 INSTALLATION
7-6.1 General
Figure 7-5.3.3-1 Standardized Cylindrical Throat Sonic Flow Venturi <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
94<\/td>\n7-6.2 Standardized Inlet Flow Conditioner
7-6.3 Inlet Configurations for Sonic Venturi Nozzles
7-7 PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS
7-7.1 Pressure Measurements
Figure 7-5.3.4-1 ASME Long-Radius Flow Nozzles <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
95<\/td>\nFigure 7-6.2-1 Standardized Inlet Flow Conditioner and Locations for Pressure and Temperature Measurements
Figure 7-6.3-1 Comparison of the \u201cContinuous Curvature\u201d Inlet With the \u201cSharp-Lip, Free-Standing\u201d Inlet <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
96<\/td>\nFigure 7-7.1.1-1 Static and Total (Stagnation) Pressure Measurements on a Pipe <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
97<\/td>\nFigure 7-7.1.2-1 Standardized Pressure Tap Geometry Installation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
98<\/td>\n7-8 COMPUTATION OF RESULTS
7-8.1 Basic Theoretical Relationships
7-8.2 Classifications for Theoretical Mass Flow <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
99<\/td>\n7-8.3 Method for Determining the Deviation from Ideal Gas State
7-8.4 Ideal Gas Relationships <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
100<\/td>\nFigure 7-8.3-1 Generalized Compressibility Chart <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
101<\/td>\n7-8.5 Real Gas Relationships
7-8.6 Real Gases, Using Complex Property Equations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
102<\/td>\nFigure 7-8.6.1-1 Calculation Processes for the Isentropic Path From Inlet to Sonic Throat for a Real Gas Using the Method of Johnson <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
103<\/td>\n7-9 FLOW UNCERTAINTY
7-9.1 Uncertainty in Sonic Flow Function Calculations
7-9.2 Calibration Methods and Uncertainty Estimates for Discharge Coefficients <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
104<\/td>\n7-10 DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS
7-10.1 Method of Correlation of Discharge Coefficients
7-10.2 Discharge Coefficients for Toroidal Throat <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
105<\/td>\nTable 7-10.2-1 Summary of Points Plotted in Figure 7-10.2-1 and Coefficients for Eq. (7-10-2) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
106<\/td>\nFigure 7-10.2-1 Composite Results for Toroidal-Throat Venturi Nozzles <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
107<\/td>\n7-10.3 Discharge Coefficients for Cylindrical Throat Venturi Nozzles
7-10.4 Discharge Coefficients for ASME Low-\u03b2 Throat Tap Flow Nozzles (Arnberg and Ishibashi, 2001b)
Figure 7-10.2-2 Mean Line Discharge Coefficient Curves for Toroidal-Throat Venturi Nozzles <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
108<\/td>\n7-10.5 Boundary Layers and Discharge Coefficients
7-11 OTHER METHODS AND EXAMPLES
7-11.1 Traditional and Useful Methods for the Computation of Flow
7-11.1.1 Method 3: Real Gas Approximation Using the Ideal Gas Sonic Flow Function Corrected by the Compressibility Factor.
Table 7-10.3-1 Discharge Coefficients for Cylindrical-Throat Venturi Nozzles <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
109<\/td>\nFigure 7-11.1.1-1 Error in Method 3 for Air Based on Sonic Flow Functions When Using Air Property Data
Table 7-11.1.1-1 Percent Error in Method 3 Based on Sonic Flow Functions and Air Property Data <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
110<\/td>\n7-11.1.2 Method 4: Real Gases and Vapors, Thermodynamic Property Tables. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
111<\/td>\n7-11.1.3 Method 5: Ideal Gas, Ratio of Specific Heats Assumed Constant.
Table 7-11.1.2.1-1 Sonic Flow Function, C*i, and Critical Property Ratios [Ideal Gases and Isentropic Relationships, Eqs. (7-2-7) Through (7-2-9)] Versus Type of Ideal Gas <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
112<\/td>\n7-11.1.4 Method 6: Ideal Gas, Ratio of Specific Heats at Inlet Stagnation State.
Figure 7-11.1.4-1 Error in Sonic Flow Function, C*i, for Air Using Method 6 Based on Ideal Gas Theory With Ratio of Specific Heats Corresponding to the Inlet Stagnation State <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
113<\/td>\n7-11.1.5 Method 7: Ideal Gas, Gas Tables. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
114<\/td>\n7-12 SPECIAL APPLICATIONS
7-12.1 Special Applications of Sonic Flow Nozzles and Venturis <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
115<\/td>\n7-13 REFERENCES <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
118<\/td>\nSection 8 Flow Measurement by Velocity Traverse
8-1 NOMENCLATURE
8-2 INTRODUCTION
8-2.1 Flow Computation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
119<\/td>\nTable 8-1-1 Symbols Specifically Applied in Section 8 (in Addition to Symbols in Table 2-3-1) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
120<\/td>\n8-3 TRAVERSE MEASUREMENT LOCATIONS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
121<\/td>\n8-3.1 Pipes
Figure 8-3.1-1 Pipe Velocity Measurement Loci <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
122<\/td>\nTable 8-3.1-1 Locations and Weighting Factors for Gaussian Method in Pipes
Table 8-3.1-2 Locations and Weighting Factors for Chebychev Method in Pipes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
123<\/td>\nTable 8-3.1-3 Locations and Weighting Factors for the Log-Linear Method in Pipes
Table 8-3.1-4 Locations and Weighting Factors for the Equal-Area Method in Pipes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
124<\/td>\n8-3.2 Rectangular Ducts
Table 8-3.2-1 Locations and Weighting Factors for the Gaussian Method in Rectangular Ducts <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
125<\/td>\nTable 8-3.2-2 Locations and Weighting Factors for Chebychev Method in Rectangular Ducts <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
126<\/td>\nFigure 8-3.2-1 Duct Velocity Measurement Loci for Gaussian Distribution
Table 8-3.2-3 Locations and Weighting Factors for the Equal-Area Velocity Method in Rectangular Ducts <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
127<\/td>\n8-4 RECOMMENDED OR REQUIRED LOCATIONS OF MEASUREMENT SECTIONS
Figure 8-3.2-2 Recommended Number of Measurement Loci for the Equal-Area Method <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
128<\/td>\n8-5 USE AND CALIBRATION REQUIREMENTS FOR SENSORS
8-5.1 Pitot Tubes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
129<\/td>\nFigure 8-5.1-1 Pitot Tubes Not Requiring Calibration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
130<\/td>\nFigure 8-5.1-2 Pitot Tubes Needing Calibration But Acceptable <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
131<\/td>\nFigure 8-5.1.2-1 Wedge-Type Five-Hole Probe Installation Schematic <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
132<\/td>\nFigure 8-5.1.2-2 Five-Hole Probe Designs <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
133<\/td>\nFigure 8-5.1.2-3 The Fechheimer Probe Installation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
134<\/td>\n8-5.2 Calibration of Current and Propeller Meters
8-6 FLOW MEASUREMENT BY PITOT RAKE <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
135<\/td>\nFigure 8-6-1 Insertion Type Pitot Rake <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
136<\/td>\nFigure 8-6-2 Pitot Rake <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
137<\/td>\n8-7 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
8-7.1 Pressure-Sensing Lines
8-7.2 Required Pressure Measurement Uncertainty
8-7.3 Velocity Traverse \u2014 Moveable Sensor
8-8 FLOW COMPUTATION CORRECTIONS
Figure 8-6-3 Impact Pressure Tube Rake <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
138<\/td>\n8-8.1 Blockage Correction for Static Taps Upstream of Pitot Tubes
8-8.2 Blockage Correction for Current and Propeller Meters
8-9 UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
139<\/td>\n8-10 REFERENCES
Table 8-9-1 Sample Uncertainty Estimate <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
140<\/td>\nSection 9 Ultrasonic Flowmeters
9-1 SCOPE
9-2 PURPOSE
9-3 DEFINITIONS AND SYMBOLS
9-3.1 Terminology <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
141<\/td>\n9-3.2 Symbols
9-4 APPLICATIONS
Table 9-3.2-1 Symbols Specifically Applied in Section 9 (in Addition to Symbols in Table 2-3-1) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
142<\/td>\n9-4.1 Liquid Flow Measurement
9-4.2 Gas Flow Measurement
9-5 FLOWMETER DESCRIPTION
9-5.1 Primary Device (Sensor) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
143<\/td>\n9-5.2 Secondary Device (Electronics)
9-5.3 Operating Principles
Figure 9-5.1.3-1 Common Acoustic Path Configurations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
144<\/td>\nFigure 9-5.3.2-1 Wetted Recessed Transducer Configuration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
146<\/td>\n9-5.4 Acoustic Signal
9-5.5 Measurement Circuitry
9-6 PERFORMANCE-AFFECTING CHARACTERISTICS
9-6.1 Meter Characteristics <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
147<\/td>\nFigure 9-5.5-1 Acoustic Flow Measuring System Block Diagram <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
148<\/td>\nFigure 9-6.1.1.3-1 Reflective Path Transducer Configuration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
150<\/td>\nFigure 9-6.1.2.5-1 Recessed Transducer Configuration
Figure 9-6.1.2.6-1 Protruding Transducer Configuration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
151<\/td>\nFigure 9-6.1.2.7-1 Flush Transducer Configuration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
152<\/td>\n9-6.2 Flow Characteristics
Figure 9-6.1.2.9-1 Waveguide Transducer Configuration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
153<\/td>\nFigure 9-6.2.2-1 Cross-Beam Transducer Configuration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
155<\/td>\n9-6.3 Installation Considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
156<\/td>\n9-7 CALIBRATION
9-7.1 Purpose
9-7.2 Factory Calibration
9-7.3 Laboratory Calibration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
157<\/td>\n9-7.4 Field Calibration
9-7.5 Dry Calibration
9-7.6 Calibration Considerations
9-7.7 Measurement Uncertainty <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
158<\/td>\n9-8 ERROR SOURCES AND THEIR REDUCTION
9-8.1 Axial Velocity Measurement Uncertainty <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
159<\/td>\n9-8.2 Signal Detection
9-8.3 Computation and Integration
9-8.4 Velocity Profile Uncertainties <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
160<\/td>\n9-8.5 Cross Section Dimensional Errors
Figure 9-8.4-1 Laminar (Blue) and Turbulent (Red) Flow Velocity Profiles and 1-, 2-, 3-, and 5-Beam Acoustic Patch Diagrams <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
161<\/td>\n9-8.6 Acoustic Path Location
9-8.7 Upstream and Downstream Flow Disturbances
9-8.8 Proximity to Other Meters
9-8.9 Equipment Degradation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
162<\/td>\nSection 10 Tracer Method for Measuring Water Flow
10-1 NOMENCLATURE
10-2 INTRODUCTION
10-2.1 Applicability
10-3 CONSTANT RATE INJECTION METHOD <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
163<\/td>\n10-4 TRACER SELECTION
10-5 MIXING LENGTH AND MIXING DISTANCE
10-5.1 Experimental Derivation of Mixing Length
Table 10-1-1 Symbols Specifically Applied in Section 10 (in Addition to Symbols in Table 2-3-1) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
164<\/td>\nFigure 10-5-1 Schematic Control Volume
Figure 10-5.1-1 Experimental Results <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
165<\/td>\n10-5.2 Methods of Reducing the Mixing Distance
10-5.3 Experimental Checking
10-6 PROCEDURE
10-6.1 Preparation of the Injection Solution
10-6.2 Injection of the Concentrated Solution <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
166<\/td>\n10-6.3 Measurement of Injected Flow
10-6.4 Samples
10-7 FLUOROMETRIC METHOD OF ANALYSIS
10-7.1 Fluorometer Description
10-7.2 Factors Affecting Fluorescence
Table 10-7.2-1 Temperature Exponents for Tracer Dyes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
167<\/td>\n10-7.3 Fluorometer Calibration
10-8 FLOW TEST SETUP
10-8.1 Tracer Injection Setup <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
168<\/td>\nFigure 10-7.3-1 Example Calibration Curves <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
169<\/td>\nFigure 10-8.1-1 Tracer Injection Schematic <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
170<\/td>\n10-8.2 Sampling Methods
10-8.3 Flow-Through Tracer Flow Signal
Figure 10-8.2-1 Sampling System
Figure 10-8.3-1 Fluorometer Signal Versus Time <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
171<\/td>\n10-9 UNCERTAINTY
10-9.1 Systematic Errors
10-9.2 Example of Uncertainty Analysis \u2014 Fluorescent Tracer
Table 10-9.2-1 Typical Uncertainties Using a Fluorescent Tracer <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
172<\/td>\n10-10 REFERENCE <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
173<\/td>\nSection 11 Vortex Shedding Meters
11-1 NOMENCLATURE
11-2 PRINCIPLE OF MEASUREMENT
Table 11-1-1 Symbols Specifically Applied in Section 11 (in Addition to Symbols in Table 2-3-1) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
174<\/td>\n11-3 FLOWMETER DESCRIPTIONS
11-3.1 Physical Components
11-3.2 Flow Tube
11-3.3 Transmitter
Figure 11-2-1 Vortex Formation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
175<\/td>\n11-3.4 Equipment Markings
11-4 APPLICATION CONSIDERATIONS
11-4.1 Sizing
11-4.2 Process Influences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
176<\/td>\n11-4.3 Safety <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
177<\/td>\n11-5 INSTALLATION
11-5.1 Adjacent Piping
11-5.2 Flowmeter Orientation
11-5.3 Flowmeter Location <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
178<\/td>\n11-5.4 New Installations
11-5.5 Complementary Measurements
11-6 OPERATION
11-7 CALIBRATION AND UNCERTAINTY
11-7.1 Calibration Methods
Figure 11-5.5-1 Locations of Pressure and Temperature Measurements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
179<\/td>\n11-7.2 Mean K-Factor Calculation and Uncertainty
11-7.3 Installation Influence on Uncertainty
Figure 11-7.1-1 Illustration of a K-Factor Curve <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
180<\/td>\n11-7.4 Measurement Uncertainty Examples
Table 11-7.3-1 Recommended Distance From Disturbance for Less Than 0.5% Increase in Uncertainty
Table 11-7.4-1 Vortex Measurement Uncertainty Example <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
181<\/td>\n11-8 REFERENCES
Table 11-7.4-2 Vortex Measurement Uncertainty Example With Installation Uncertainty
Table 11-7.4-3 Vortex Measurement Uncertainty Example With Vortex Meter, Pressure Sensor, and Temperature Sensor Uncertainties <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
182<\/td>\nSection 12 Mechanical Meters
12-1 NOMENCLATURE
12-2 INTRODUCTION
Table 12-1-1 Symbols Specifically Applied in Section 12 (in Addition to Symbols in Table 2-3-1) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
183<\/td>\n12-3 TURBINE METERS
12-3.1 Meter Design Data and Construction Details
12-4 TURBINE METER SIGNAL TRANSDUCERS AND INDICATORS
12-5 CALIBRATION <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
184<\/td>\n12-5.1 Meter Factor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
185<\/td>\n12-5.2 Temperature Range
12-5.3 Pressure Loss
12-5.4 Installation Conditions
12-5.5 Mechanically Driven External Equipment
12-5.6 Temperature and Pressure Effects
12-6 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR USE
12-6.1 Start-up Recommendation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
186<\/td>\n12-6.2 Over-Range Protection
12-6.3 Bypass
12-6.4 Maintenance and Inspection Frequency
12-6.5 Other Installation Considerations
12-6.6 Accessories Installation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
187<\/td>\n12-7 PIPING INSTALLATION AND DISTURBANCES
12-7.1 Swirl Effect
12-7.2 Velocity Profile Effect
12-8 EXAMPLE OF FLOW MEASUREMENT BY TURBINE METER WITH NATURAL GAS
12-8.1 Meter Flow <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
188<\/td>\n12-8.2 Normalizing Meter Flows
12-8.3 Systematic Uncertainty Calculation of Flow in Units of Normalized Flow
12-8.4 Specific Range of Flow
12-9 RANDOM UNCERTAINTY DUE TO TIME VARIANCE OF DATA <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
189<\/td>\n12-10 FIELD CHECKS
12-11 POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT METERS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
190<\/td>\nFigure 12-11-1 Positive Displacement Volumeters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
191<\/td>\n12-11.1 Positive Displacement Meter Performance
12-11.2 Calibration Requirements
12-11.3 Interpolation of Calibration Data <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
192<\/td>\n12-12 REFERENCES
Figure 12-11.3-1 Method of Interpolation of Positive Displacement Meter Performance From Calibration Data to Other Fluid Viscosity and Operating Conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
194<\/td>\nSection 13 Coriolis Mass Flowmeters
13-1 DEFINITIONS AND NOMENCLATURE
13-1.1 Definitions
13-1.2 Nomenclature
13-2 INTRODUCTION
13-2.1 Sensor Physical Properties <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
195<\/td>\nTable 13-1.2-1 Symbols Specifically Applied in Section 13 (in Addition to Symbols in Table 2-3-1) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
196<\/td>\n13-3 METER CONSTRUCTION
13-3.1 Primary Device
Figure 13-3.1-1 Typical Mechanical Arrangement <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
197<\/td>\n13-3.2 Secondary Device
Figure 13-3.1-2 Oscillating Flow Tubes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
198<\/td>\n13-4 CALIBRATION AND UNCERTAINTY
13-4.1 Calibration
13-4.2 Lab Calibration and Testing Considerations
Figure 13-3.2-1 Electronic Transmitter <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
200<\/td>\nTable 13-4.2.1.3.2-1 Measurement Recommendations for Different Gas Test Pressures
Table 13-4.2.2.4-1 Best Practices for Liquid and Gas Testing Data Collection Time <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
202<\/td>\n13-4.3 Fluid Properties Affecting Meter Performance
Figure 13-4.2.3-1 Typical Calibration Curve With Uncertainty Bands (2\u03c3 Limits Shown) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
203<\/td>\nFigure 13-4.3.2.1-1 Temperature Effect on Zero (2\u03c3 Limits Shown) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
204<\/td>\nFigure 13-4.3.2.2-1 Pressure Effect on Span (2\u03c3 Limits Shown) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
205<\/td>\n13-5 APPLICATION CONSIDERATIONS
13-5.1 Materials of Construction
13-5.2 Installation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
206<\/td>\nFigure 13-5.1.2-1 Pressure Drop Versus Mass Flow <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
207<\/td>\n13-6 FIELD UNCERTAINTY EXAMPLES
13-6.1 Example 1
13-6.2 Example 2 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
208<\/td>\nTable 13-6.1-1 Example 1 \u2014 Analysis of Unheated Natural Gas Applications at Maximum Flow Rate <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
209<\/td>\nTable 13-6.1-2 Example 1 \u2014 Analysis of Unheated Natural Gas Application at Minimum Flow Rate <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
210<\/td>\nTable 13-6.2-1 Example 2 \u2014 Analysis of Heated Natural Gas Applications at Maximum Flow Rate <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
211<\/td>\n13-6.3 Example 3
Table 13-6.2-2 Example 2 \u2014 Analysis of Heated Natural Gas Applications at Minimum Flow Rate <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
212<\/td>\n13-6.4 Example 4
Table 13-6.3-1 Example 3 \u2014 Analysis of Liquid Condensate Application With Flowmeter Zeroed <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
213<\/td>\nTable 13-6.4-1 Example 4 \u2014 Analysis of Liquid Condensate Application With Flowmeter Not Zeroed <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
214<\/td>\nTable I-1-1 Symbols Used in Mandatory Appendix I (in Addition to Symbols in Table 2-3-1)
MANDATORY APPENDIX I LABORATORY CALIBRATION EVALUATION AND EXTRAPOLATION
I-1 NOMENCLATURE
I-2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
215<\/td>\nI-3 CALIBRATION CONDITIONS
I-4 DATA EVALUATION <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
218<\/td>\nTable I-6-1 Calibration Data, Test Data, and Predicted Value for an ASME Throat Tap Nozzle
I-5 EXTRAPOLATION TO HIGHER REYNOLDS NUMBERS OR FLOW
I-6 EXAMPLE CALCULATION <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
219<\/td>\nFigure I-6.3-1 Regression of Calibration Data With 95% Confidence Limits <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
221<\/td>\nNONMANDATORY APPENDICES
NONMANDATORY APPENDIX A PULSATING FLOW MEASUREMENT
A-1 NOMENCLATURE
A-2 INTRODUCTION
A-3 ORIFICES, NOZZLES, AND VENTURIS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
222<\/td>\nFigure A-3.1-1 Measured Errors Versus Oscillating Differential Pressure Amplitude Relative to the Steady State Mean <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
223<\/td>\nTable A-3.1-1 Error Threshold Versus Relative Amplitude of \u0394P <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
224<\/td>\nFigure A-3.2-1 Fluid-Metering System Block Diagram <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
227<\/td>\nFigure A-3.6-1 Experimental and Theoretical Pulsation Error
A-4 TURBINE METERS IN PULSATING FLOW <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
228<\/td>\nFigure A-4.1-1 Semi-Log Plot of Theoretical Meter Pulsation Error Versus Rotor Response Parameter for Sine Wave Flow Fluctuation, D2 = 0.1, and Pulsation Index, I = 0.1 and 0.2 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
231<\/td>\nA-5 REFERENCES <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
234<\/td>\nFigure B-1-1 Graph of Critical Flow Functions for Air
NONMANDATORY APPENDIX B CRITICAL FLOW FUNCTIONS FOR AIR BY R. C. JOHNSON
B-1 GENERAL
B-2 REFERENCES <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
235<\/td>\nFigure C-1-1 Graph of Deviation of Critical Flow Functions for Air (Shown in Figure B-1-1)
NONMANDATORY APPENDIX C DEVIATION OF JOHNSON C* VALUES
C-1 GENERAL
C-2 REFERENCES <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
236<\/td>\nNONMANDATORY APPENDIX D REAL GAS CORRECTION FACTORS
D-1-1 GENERAL
D-2 REFERENCES <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
237<\/td>\nFigure D-1-1 Graph of Correction Factors for Air to Real Gas From Ideal Gas, up to 30 atm <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
238<\/td>\nFigure D-1-2 Graph of Correction Factors for Air to Real Gas From Ideal Gas, up to 100 atm <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
239<\/td>\nFigure D-1-3 Graph of Correction Factors for Air to Real Gas From Ideal Gas, up to 300 atm <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
240<\/td>\nNONMANDATORY APPENDIX E CONVERSION FACTORS
E-1 GENERAL <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
241<\/td>\nTable\u00a0E-1-1 Conversions to SI (Metric) Units <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
243<\/td>\nTable E-1-2 Conversion Factors for Pressure (Force\/Area) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
244<\/td>\nTable E-1-3 Conversion Factors for Specific Volume (Volume\/Mass) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
245<\/td>\nTable E-1-4 Conversion Factors for Specific Enthalpy and Specific Energy (Energy\/Mass) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
247<\/td>\nTable E-1-5 Conversion Factors for Specific Entropy, Specific Heat, and Gas Constant [Energy\/(Mass \u00d7 Temperature)] <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
248<\/td>\nTable E-1-6 Conversion Factors for Viscosity (Force \u00d7 Time\/Area ~ Mass\/Length \u00d7 Time) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
249<\/td>\nTable E-1-7 Conversion Factors for Kinematic Viscosity (Area\/Time) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
250<\/td>\nNONMANDATORY APPENDIX F THERMAL EXPANSION TABLES
F-1 GENERAL <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
256<\/td>\nTable F-1-2 Thermal Expansion Data (U.S. Customary) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
259<\/td>\nNONMANDATORY APPENDIX G HISTORICAL DEFINITIONS OF UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
G-1 DEFINITIONS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
260<\/td>\nG-2 REFERENCES <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

ASME PTC-19.5-2022 Flow Measurement<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Published By<\/td>\nPublication Date<\/td>\nNumber of Pages<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ASME<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n2022<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":443659,"template":"","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"ep_exclude_from_search":false},"product_cat":[2643],"product_tag":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-443651","1":"product","2":"type-product","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"product_cat-asme","8":"first","9":"instock","10":"sold-individually","11":"shipping-taxable","12":"purchasable","13":"product-type-simple"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product\/443651","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/product"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/443659"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=443651"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"product_cat","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_cat?post=443651"},{"taxonomy":"product_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_tag?post=443651"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}